623 lines
20 KiB
Markdown
623 lines
20 KiB
Markdown
# 12 · 音频系统
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> **命名空间** `BaseGames.Audio`
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> **所属文档集** [← 返回索引](./README.md) · [总览](./00_Overview.md)
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> **依赖** `BaseGames.Core.Events` · Unity Audio · AudioMixer
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---
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## 目录
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1. [设计原则](#1-设计原则)
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2. [AudioMixer 架构](#2-audiomixer-架构)
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3. [AudioManager](#3-audiomanager)
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4. [BGMController — 自适应音乐](#4-bgmcontroller--自适应音乐)
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5. [音乐状态机](#5-音乐状态机)
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6. [AudioZone — 区域音乐触发](#6-audiozone--区域音乐触发)
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7. [AudioEventSO — SFX 集成](#7-audioeventsso--sfx-集成)
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8. [GlobalSFXPlayer](#8-globalsfxplayer)
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9. [音频资产规范](#9-音频资产规范)
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10. [AudioConfigSO](#10-audioconfigso)
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11. [SettingsManager — 音量持久化](#11-settingsmanager--音量持久化)
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12. [事件频道](#12-事件频道)
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13. [编辑器友好设计](#13-编辑器友好设计)
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---
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## 1. 设计原则
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- **分层混音**：所有音频通过 AudioMixer 路由，统一控制音量分组，不直接设置 `AudioSource.volume`
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- **自适应音乐**：BGM 根据游戏状态（探索/战斗/Boss）动态切换，保持氛围沉浸感
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- **零耦合**：`BGMController` 只订阅事件频道，不持有 `GameManager`、`EnemyBase` 等引用
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- **像素风音效**：优先使用复古 8-bit / 16-bit 风格音效，随机 Pitch 变化（±5%~10%）防止重复感
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- **2D 空间音频**：本游戏为 2D 横版，不使用 3D 音效空间化（`AudioSource.spatialBlend = 0`），仅靠左右声道区分近远
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---
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## 2. AudioMixer 架构
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`MainMixer.mixer` 资产路径：`Assets/Audio/MainMixer.mixer`
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### 混音组层级
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```
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Master
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├── BGM (背景音乐：探索BGM、Boss BGM、主菜单BGM)
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├── SFX (音效：战斗、UI、环境互动)
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│ ├── SFX_Player (玩家动作音效，子混音组)
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│ ├── SFX_Enemy (敌人音效，子混音组)
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│ └── SFX_World (世界互动音效，子混音组)
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└── Ambient (环境音：风声、水声、洞穴回声等)
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```
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### Exposed Parameters（暴露给代码控制的参数名）
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| 参数名 | 对应混音组 | 范围 | 说明 |
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|--------|-----------|------|------|
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| `MasterVolume` | Master | -80 ~ 0 dB | 总音量 |
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| `BGMVolume` | BGM | -80 ~ 0 dB | 背景音乐音量 |
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| `SFXVolume` | SFX | -80 ~ 0 dB | 音效总音量 |
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| `AmbientVolume` | Ambient | -80 ~ 0 dB | 环境音音量 |
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**线性值转分贝**（Settings 滑条映射）：
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```csharp
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public static float LinearToDecibel(float linear)
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=> linear > 0.0001f ? 20f * Mathf.Log10(linear) : -80f;
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```
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### AudioMixer 快照（Snapshots）
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| 快照名 | 用途 | 关键差异 |
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|--------|------|---------|
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| `Default` | 正常游玩 | 所有组正常音量 |
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| `Paused` | 游戏暂停 | BGM / SFX 均降低 -12 dB，添加低通滤波（Cutoff 500Hz）|
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| `Dead` | 玩家死亡 | BGM 渐出 -80 dB（1.5s 过渡） |
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| `BossFight` | Boss 战 | Ambient 降低 -20 dB（突出 Boss BGM）|
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快照切换：`_mixer.TransitionToSnapshots(new[] { snapshot }, new[] { 1f }, transitionTime)`
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---
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## 3. AudioManager
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`AudioManager` 常驻 Persistent 场景，管理 BGM AudioSource 和 SFX 全局播放：
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```csharp
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namespace BaseGames.Audio
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{
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[DefaultExecutionOrder(-500)]
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public class AudioManager : MonoBehaviour
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{
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[Header("AudioMixer")]
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[SerializeField] AudioMixer _mixer;
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[Header("BGM Sources")]
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[SerializeField] AudioSource _bgmSourceA; // 双 Source 交叉淡入淡出
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[SerializeField] AudioSource _bgmSourceB;
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[Header("SFX Source")]
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[SerializeField] AudioSource _globalSFXSource; // 一次性 SFX 播放
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[Header("Config")]
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[SerializeField] AudioConfigSO _config;
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// 对外接口
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public void Initialize(); // SettingsManager 读取 → 应用音量
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public void SetVolume(string exposedParam, float linear); // 滑条回调
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public void PlayBGM(AudioClip clip, float fadeOutDur = 1f, float fadeInDur = 1f);
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public void StopBGM(float fadeOutDur = 1f);
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public void PlaySFX(AudioClip clip, float volumeScale = 1f);
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public void TransitionToSnapshot(string snapshotName, float transitionTime);
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}
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}
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```
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### BGM 交叉淡入淡出
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使用双 `AudioSource`（A/B）实现无缝交叉淡变：
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```
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当前播放 → Source A（淡出 fadeOutDur）
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新曲目 → Source B（淡入 fadeInDur）
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淡出结束 → 交换 A/B 角色，下次切换时复用
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```
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```csharp
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IEnumerator CrossFade(AudioClip newClip, float fadeOutDur, float fadeInDur)
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{
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var outSource = _activeSource;
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var inSource = _inactiveSource;
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inSource.clip = newClip;
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inSource.volume = 0f;
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inSource.Play();
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float t = 0f;
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while (t < Mathf.Max(fadeOutDur, fadeInDur))
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{
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t += Time.unscaledDeltaTime;
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outSource.volume = Mathf.Lerp(1f, 0f, t / fadeOutDur);
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inSource.volume = Mathf.Lerp(0f, 1f, t / fadeInDur);
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yield return null;
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}
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outSource.Stop();
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(_activeSource, _inactiveSource) = (inSource, outSource);
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}
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```
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---
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## 4. BGMController — 自适应音乐
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`BGMController` 订阅各种游戏事件，自动切换 BGM 曲目：
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```csharp
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public class BGMController : MonoBehaviour
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{
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[SerializeField] AudioManager _audioManager;
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[SerializeField] AudioConfigSO _config;
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// 监听的事件频道
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[SerializeField] GameStateEventChannelSO _onGameStateChanged;
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[SerializeField] StringEventChannelSO _onRegionEntered;
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[SerializeField] BoolEventChannelSO _onBossFightToggled;
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string _currentRegion = "Forest";
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void OnGameStateChanged(GameState state)
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{
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switch (state)
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{
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case GameState.MainMenu:
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_audioManager.PlayBGM(_config.mainMenuBGM, fadeOut: 0.5f, fadeIn: 1.0f);
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break;
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case GameState.BossFight:
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// BGMController 不直接切换，等待 OnBossFightToggled
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break;
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case GameState.Dead:
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_audioManager.TransitionToSnapshot("Dead", 1.5f);
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break;
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case GameState.Paused:
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_audioManager.TransitionToSnapshot("Paused", 0.2f);
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break;
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case GameState.Gameplay:
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_audioManager.TransitionToSnapshot("Default", 0.3f);
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PlayRegionBGM(_currentRegion);
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break;
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}
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}
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void OnRegionEntered(string regionId)
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{
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_currentRegion = regionId;
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if (_musicState == MusicState.Exploration)
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PlayRegionBGM(regionId);
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}
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void OnBossFightToggled(bool started)
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{
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if (started)
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{
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_musicState = MusicState.Boss;
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_audioManager.PlayBGM(_config.GetBossBGM(_currentRegion), fadeOut: 1f, fadeIn: 0.5f);
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_audioManager.TransitionToSnapshot("BossFight", 0.5f);
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}
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else
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{
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// Boss 击败：播放胜利 Sting，然后恢复探索 BGM
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StartCoroutine(PlayVictoryThenRestore());
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}
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}
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IEnumerator PlayVictoryThenRestore()
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{
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_musicState = MusicState.Victory;
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_audioManager.PlayBGM(_config.victoryStingBGM, fadeOut: 0.3f, fadeIn: 0.1f);
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yield return new WaitForSecondsRealtime(_config.victoryStingDuration);
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_musicState = MusicState.Exploration;
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PlayRegionBGM(_currentRegion);
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_audioManager.TransitionToSnapshot("Default", 1.0f);
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}
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}
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```
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---
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## 5. 音乐状态机
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```
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MusicState 枚举：
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Exploration ← 默认：区域探索 BGM
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Boss ← Boss 战：Boss 主题 BGM
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Victory ← Boss 击败后短暂胜利音乐
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None ← 过场/死亡/主菜单时由 BGMController 直接切换
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```
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**状态转换**：
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```
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Exploration ──[OnBossFightToggled(true)]──► Boss
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◄─[OnBossFightToggled(false)]──
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Boss ──[Boss 击败动画完成]──────────► Victory
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Victory ──[VictorySting 播放完毕]───────► Exploration
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Exploration ──[OnRegionEntered]────────────► Exploration（切换同状态内不同曲目）
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```
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---
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## 6. AudioZone — 区域音乐触发
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`AudioZone` 挂载在每个区域的入口触发器上，通知 BGMController 切换对应 BGM：
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```csharp
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public class AudioZone : MonoBehaviour
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{
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[SerializeField] string _regionId; // 如 "Forest", "Cave", "Ruins"
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[SerializeField] StringEventChannelSO _onRegionEntered;
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void OnTriggerEnter2D(Collider2D other)
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{
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if (other.CompareTag("Player"))
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_onRegionEntered.Raise(_regionId);
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}
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}
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```
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**区域 BGM 配置**在 `AudioConfigSO` 中（见 §10），`BGMController` 通过 regionId 查表获取对应 AudioClip。
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---
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## 7. AudioEventSO — SFX 集成
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`AudioEventSO` 已在 [07_FeedbackSystem.md](./07_FeedbackSystem.md) 中定义，本系统扩展其与 AudioMixer 的集成：
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```csharp
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[CreateAssetMenu(menuName = "Audio/AudioEvent")]
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public class AudioEventSO : ScriptableObject
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{
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[SerializeField] AudioClip[] _clips; // 随机选取
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[SerializeField] AudioMixerGroup _mixerGroup; // 指定路由到哪个子混音组
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[Range(0f, 1f)]
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[SerializeField] float _baseVolume = 1f;
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[SerializeField] Vector2 _pitchRange = new(0.9f, 1.1f); // 随机 Pitch 范围
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public void Play(AudioSource source)
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{
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if (_clips.Length == 0) return;
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source.outputAudioMixerGroup = _mixerGroup;
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source.clip = _clips[Random.Range(0, _clips.Length)];
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source.volume = _baseVolume;
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source.pitch = Random.Range(_pitchRange.x, _pitchRange.y);
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source.Play();
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}
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public void PlayOneShot(AudioSource source)
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{
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if (_clips.Length == 0) return;
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source.outputAudioMixerGroup = _mixerGroup;
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float pitch = Random.Range(_pitchRange.x, _pitchRange.y);
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source.pitch = pitch;
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source.PlayOneShot(_clips[Random.Range(0, _clips.Length)], _baseVolume);
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}
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}
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```
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Feel 的 `MMF_AudioSource` 持有 `AudioEventSO` 引用，调用 `Play()` 即可。
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---
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## 8. GlobalSFXPlayer
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对于不依附于具体 GameObject 的一次性 SFX（如 UI 按钮音效），使用 `GlobalSFXPlayer`：
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```csharp
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// AudioManager 的便捷方法（内部持有专用 AudioSource）
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public void PlaySFXGlobal(AudioEventSO audioEvent)
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=> audioEvent.PlayOneShot(_globalSFXSource);
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```
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UI 按钮的 `onClick.AddListener(() => AudioManager.Instance.PlaySFXGlobal(btnClickSFX))`。
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---
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## 9. 音频资产规范
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### 文件路径
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```
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Assets/Audio/
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├── BGM/
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│ ├── BGM_MainMenu.ogg
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│ ├── BGM_Forest_Exploration.ogg
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│ ├── BGM_Cave_Exploration.ogg
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│ ├── BGM_Ruins_Exploration.ogg
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│ ├── BGM_Boss_Forest.ogg
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│ ├── BGM_Boss_Cave.ogg
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│ └── BGM_Victory_Sting.ogg
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├── SFX/
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│ ├── Player/
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│ │ ├── SFX_Player_Jump.wav
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│ │ ├── SFX_Player_Dash.wav
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│ │ ├── SFX_Player_Attack_01/02/03.wav (连击三段各一个)
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│ │ ├── SFX_Player_Hurt.wav
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│ │ ├── SFX_Player_Death.wav
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│ │ └── SFX_Parry_Success.wav
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│ ├── Enemy/
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│ │ ├── SFX_Enemy_Hit.wav
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│ │ ├── SFX_Enemy_Death.wav
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│ │ └── SFX_Enemy_Alert.wav
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│ ├── World/
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│ │ ├── SFX_Collectible_Geo.wav
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│ │ ├── SFX_SavePoint_Activate.wav
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│ │ ├── SFX_Door_Open.wav
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│ │ └── SFX_Platform_Crumble.wav
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│ └── UI/
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│ ├── SFX_UI_Confirm.wav
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│ ├── SFX_UI_Cancel.wav
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│ └── SFX_UI_Navigate.wav
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└── Ambient/
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├── AMB_Forest_Wind.ogg
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├── AMB_Cave_Drip.ogg
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└── AMB_Ruins_Echo.ogg
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```
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### 音频导入设置规范
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| 类型 | 格式 | Load Type | 说明 |
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|------|------|-----------|------|
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| BGM | `.ogg` | Streaming | 大文件流式读取，节省内存 |
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| SFX（短促）| `.wav` | Decompress on Load | 最低延迟，内存占用接受 |
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| SFX（循环环境）| `.ogg` | Compressed in Memory | 中等大小，压缩存储 |
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| Ambient | `.ogg` | Streaming | 长音频流式读取 |
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---
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## 10. AudioConfigSO
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所有 BGM 和关键 SFX 引用集中配置，避免硬编码引用：
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```csharp
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[CreateAssetMenu(menuName = "Config/AudioConfig")]
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public class AudioConfigSO : ScriptableObject
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{
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[Header("BGM")]
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public AudioClip mainMenuBGM;
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public AudioClip victoryStingBGM;
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public float victoryStingDuration = 3f;
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[Header("Region BGMs")]
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public RegionBGM[] regionBGMs; // RegionBGM { string regionId; AudioClip clip; AudioClip bossBGM; }
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[Header("Fade Settings")]
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public float defaultFadeOut = 1.0f;
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public float defaultFadeIn = 1.0f;
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public AudioClip GetRegionBGM(string regionId)
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=> Array.Find(regionBGMs, r => r.regionId == regionId)?.clip;
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public AudioClip GetBossBGM(string regionId)
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=> Array.Find(regionBGMs, r => r.regionId == regionId)?.bossBGM;
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}
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```
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资产路径：`Assets/ScriptableObjects/Config/AudioConfigSO.asset`
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---
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## 11. SettingsManager — 音量持久化
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设置独立于存档系统，写入 `Application.persistentDataPath/settings.json`：
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```csharp
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[Serializable]
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public class SettingsData
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{
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public float masterVolume = 1.0f;
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public float bgmVolume = 0.8f;
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public float sfxVolume = 1.0f;
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public float ambientVolume = 0.6f;
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public bool haptics = true;
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// P1: keybindings[]
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}
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public class SettingsManager : MonoBehaviour
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{
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public void Initialize()
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{
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_data = Load() ?? new SettingsData();
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Apply(_data);
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}
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public void Apply(SettingsData data)
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{
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_audioManager.SetVolume("MasterVolume", data.masterVolume);
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_audioManager.SetVolume("BGMVolume", data.bgmVolume);
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_audioManager.SetVolume("SFXVolume", data.sfxVolume);
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_audioManager.SetVolume("AmbientVolume",data.ambientVolume);
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}
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public void Save() => File.WriteAllText(_savePath, JsonUtility.ToJson(_data));
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SettingsData Load() => File.Exists(_savePath) ? JsonUtility.FromJson<SettingsData>(File.ReadAllText(_savePath)) : null;
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}
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```
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---
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## 12. 事件频道
|
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|
||
新增频道（`Assets/ScriptableObjects/Events/Audio/`）：
|
||
|
||
| 资产名 | 类型 | 用途 |
|
||
|--------|------|------|
|
||
| `OnRegionEntered.asset` | `StringEventChannelSO` | AudioZone 触发，传递 regionId |
|
||
| `OnBGMChangeRequested.asset` | `StringEventChannelSO` | P1：显式请求切换 BGM（过场等）|
|
||
|
||
> `OnBossFightToggled.asset`、`OnGameStateChanged.asset` 在其他频道组已定义，BGMController 直接订阅。
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
## 13. 编辑器友好设计
|
||
|
||
- `AudioManager` Custom Inspector：实时显示当前 BGM 名称、Source A/B 音量、当前 Snapshot
|
||
- AudioConfigSO 提供 `[播放预览]` 按钮（Editor Only），在 Inspector 中点击可直接预听对应 BGM/SFX（UI Toolkit `Button`，`CreateInspectorGUI()` 中添加）
|
||
- `AudioZone` Gizmo：在 Scene View 显示音频区域范围（半透明绿色圆圈 + regionId 文字标签）
|
||
- `BGMController` Inspector：显示当前 `MusicState` 枚举状态 + 当前区域 ID
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
## 14. 脚步声材质分层（Footstep Material System）
|
||
|
||
脚步声不使用单一 SFX，而是根据脚下地面材质动态切换，增加环境真实感。
|
||
|
||
### 14.1 地面材质枚举
|
||
|
||
```csharp
|
||
public enum FootstepMaterial
|
||
{
|
||
Stone, // 石板地（默认）
|
||
Dirt, // 泥土/草地
|
||
Wood, // 木板
|
||
Metal, // 金属格栅
|
||
Water, // 浅水区（溅水声）
|
||
Sand, // 沙地（细碎声）
|
||
Grass, // 草丛（沙沙声）
|
||
Cave, // 洞穴（回响加强）
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### 14.2 FootstepAudioConfigSO
|
||
|
||
```csharp
|
||
[CreateAssetMenu(menuName = "BaseGames/Audio/FootstepAudioConfig")]
|
||
public class FootstepAudioConfigSO : ScriptableObject
|
||
{
|
||
[System.Serializable]
|
||
public struct MaterialEntry
|
||
{
|
||
public FootstepMaterial material;
|
||
public AudioClip[] clips; // 随机选一个，防止重复感
|
||
[Range(0f, 1f)] public float volume;
|
||
[Range(0.8f, 1.2f)] public float pitchVariance; // 每次随机 pitch 偏移范围
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
public MaterialEntry[] entries;
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### 14.3 地面标记
|
||
|
||
在 Tilemap 的每个 Tile 上（或碰撞体所在 GameObject 上）添加 `FootstepMaterialMarker` 组件：
|
||
|
||
```csharp
|
||
public class FootstepMaterialMarker : MonoBehaviour
|
||
{
|
||
public FootstepMaterial material;
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
玩家落地/行走时，通过当前碰撞的地面 GameObject 获取 `FootstepMaterialMarker.material`，驱动脚步声选择。若地面无标记，默认使用 `Stone`。
|
||
|
||
### 14.4 播放时机
|
||
|
||
- **落地**：`PlayerController.OnLanded()` 播放较响的落地音效（同一 MaterialEntry，但音量×1.5）
|
||
- **行走**：Animancer 动画事件（`FootstepL` / `FootstepR` event tag）触发脚步声播放
|
||
- **冲刺起步**：`Dash` 动画第2帧触发 `DashSFX`（不用 Footstep，用单独 SFX）
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
## 15. 水下音效处理（Underwater Audio）
|
||
|
||
进入 `LiquidZone`（见 40_LiquidSwimSystem）时，全局音效自动应用水下 DSP 处理。
|
||
|
||
### 15.1 水下 AudioMixer Snapshot
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
Snapshot: "Underwater"
|
||
BGM Bus: Low-Pass Filter 切割频率 800 Hz（水下声音沉闷）
|
||
SFX Bus: Low-Pass Filter 1200 Hz + Volume ×0.7
|
||
Ambient Bus: Volume ×0 + 替换为水下环境音（气泡声）
|
||
Reverb Bus: Room Size 增大，Decay Time 1.8s（水下混响长）
|
||
PlayerSFX Bus: Low-Pass Filter 1000 Hz（攻击声变闷）
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
```csharp
|
||
// 进入/退出液体区域时过渡
|
||
public class UnderwaterAudioController : MonoBehaviour
|
||
{
|
||
[SerializeField] AudioMixer _mixer;
|
||
[SerializeField] float _transitionDuration = 0.3f;
|
||
|
||
public void EnterWater()
|
||
{
|
||
_mixer.FindSnapshot("Underwater")
|
||
.TransitionTo(_transitionDuration);
|
||
// 同时降低 BGM 音量，增强代入感
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
public void ExitWater()
|
||
{
|
||
_mixer.FindSnapshot("Default")
|
||
.TransitionTo(_transitionDuration);
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### 15.2 水下专属 SFX
|
||
|
||
| 动作 | 水上 SFX | 水下 SFX |
|
||
|------|---------|---------|
|
||
| 攻击 | `sfx_player_slash` | `sfx_player_slash_underwater`（低频混响版）|
|
||
| 跳跃（浮出水面）| — | `sfx_splash_exit` |
|
||
| 入水 | — | `sfx_splash_enter` |
|
||
| 游泳移动 | — | `sfx_swim_loop`（循环，随速度调整 pitch）|
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
## 16. 距离衰减曲线（Distance Attenuation）
|
||
|
||
所有世界空间中的 3D 音源（非 2D UI 音效）使用统一的衰减配置。
|
||
|
||
### 16.1 衰减模式
|
||
|
||
**游戏是 2D 横版卷轴，使用 `AudioSource.spatialBlend = 0`（纯2D）为主**，仅以下场景例外：
|
||
|
||
| 场景 | 实现方式 |
|
||
|------|---------|
|
||
| 大型场景中的远景环境音（瀑布/机械声）| `AudioSource.spatialBlend = 1.0`，自定义 Volume Rolloff 曲线 |
|
||
| NPC 的近身对话语音 | `spatialBlend = 0.5`，增加位置感但不做完整 3D |
|
||
| 远处 Boss 的警示音效（在门口听到 Boss 移动声）| `spatialBlend = 0.7`，最大距离 30 个世界单位 |
|
||
|
||
### 16.2 推荐衰减曲线参数（用于 3D 音源）
|
||
|
||
| 参数 | 值 |
|
||
|------|---|
|
||
| Min Distance | 2（2单位内全音量）|
|
||
| Max Distance | 25（超过25单位静音）|
|
||
| Rolloff Mode | Custom Curve（非线性，靠近时迅速增大，见下方）|
|
||
| Volume Rolloff | 2～5: ×1.0 → 5～15: ×0.6 → 15～25: ×0.2 → >25: ×0 |
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
Volume
|
||
1.0 |───╮
|
||
| ╲
|
||
0.6 | ╲──╮
|
||
| ╲
|
||
0.2 | ╲──╮
|
||
0.0 | ╲────
|
||
+─────────────────────> Distance
|
||
0 5 10 15 20 25
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### 16.3 Reverb Zone（区域混响）
|
||
|
||
每个主区域在 Unity 的 `AudioReverbZone` 组件中配置环境混响：
|
||
|
||
| 区域 | ReverbPreset | 额外调整 |
|
||
|------|-------------|---------|
|
||
| 森林 | `Forest` | DecayTime 0.8s |
|
||
| 地穴 | `Cave` | DecayTime 2.0s，高频较少 |
|
||
| 废墟 | `Room` | DecayTime 1.2s |
|
||
| 深渊 | `Cave`（更大）| DecayTime 3.5s，Bass 增强 |
|
||
| 核心 | `Hallway` | DecayTime 1.8s，金属感 |
|