diff --git a/Assets/Tests/EditMode/AI/AbilityRefTests.cs b/Assets/Tests/EditMode/AI/AbilityRefTests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..89d82380
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Assets/Tests/EditMode/AI/AbilityRefTests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+using NUnit.Framework;
+using UnityEngine;
+using BaseGames.Enemies.Abilities;
+
+namespace BaseGames.Tests.EditMode.AI
+{
+    public class AbilityRefTests
+    {
+        [Test]
+        public void ImplicitFromString_ExposesLiteralId()
+        {
+            AbilityRef r = "e001_chase";
+            Assert.AreEqual("e001_chase", r.Id);
+            Assert.IsFalse(r.IsEmpty);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void FromAsset_ExposesAssetAbilityId()
+        {
+            var so = ScriptableObject.CreateInstance<EnemyAbilitySO>();
+            so.abilityId = "from_asset";
+            AbilityRef r = so;
+            Assert.AreEqual("from_asset", r.Id);
+            Object.DestroyImmediate(so);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Default_IsEmpty()
+        {
+            var r = default(AbilityRef);
+            Assert.IsTrue(r.IsEmpty);
+            Assert.IsNull(r.Id);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void AssetWins_WhenBothSet()
+        {
+            var so = ScriptableObject.CreateInstance<EnemyAbilitySO>();
+            so.abilityId = "asset_id";
+            var r = new AbilityRef(so, "literal_id");
+            Assert.AreEqual("asset_id", r.Id);
+            Assert.IsTrue(r.HasConflict);   // 供校验器报警告
+            Object.DestroyImmediate(so);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/Assets/Tests/EditMode/AI/AbilityRefTests.cs.meta b/Assets/Tests/EditMode/AI/AbilityRefTests.cs.meta
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1fc29b23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Assets/Tests/EditMode/AI/AbilityRefTests.cs.meta
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
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diff --git a/Assets/_Game/Scripts/Enemies/Abilities/AbilityRef.cs b/Assets/_Game/Scripts/Enemies/Abilities/AbilityRef.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..aca18df0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Assets/_Game/Scripts/Enemies/Abilities/AbilityRef.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+using System;
+using UnityEngine;
+
+namespace BaseGames.Enemies.Abilities
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// 能力引用。配方资产侧引用 EnemyAbilitySO（Unity 引用系统保证拼不错、改名不断链）；
+    /// 定制 AiScript 侧仍可直接写字符串 id。资产优先。
+    /// </summary>
+    [Serializable]
+    public struct AbilityRef
+    {
+        [Tooltip("能力配置资产；配方路径用这个")]
+        [SerializeField] EnemyAbilitySO _asset;
+
+        [NonSerialized] string _literal;   // 定制脚本路径用；不参与序列化
+
+        public AbilityRef(EnemyAbilitySO asset)              { _asset = asset; _literal = null; }
+        public AbilityRef(string id)                         { _asset = null;  _literal = id; }
+        public AbilityRef(EnemyAbilitySO asset, string id)   { _asset = asset; _literal = id; }
+
+        /// <summary>解析出的能力 id；资产优先，都没有则 null。</summary>
+        public string Id => _asset != null ? _asset.abilityId : _literal;
+
+        public bool IsEmpty => string.IsNullOrEmpty(Id);
+
+        /// <summary>资产与字符串同时非空——歧义配置，供校验器报警告。</summary>
+        public bool HasConflict => _asset != null && !string.IsNullOrEmpty(_literal);
+
+        public static implicit operator AbilityRef(string id) => new AbilityRef(id);
+        public static implicit operator AbilityRef(EnemyAbilitySO asset) => new AbilityRef(asset);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/Assets/_Game/Scripts/Enemies/Abilities/AbilityRef.cs.meta b/Assets/_Game/Scripts/Enemies/Abilities/AbilityRef.cs.meta
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e6445d07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Assets/_Game/Scripts/Enemies/Abilities/AbilityRef.cs.meta
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
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